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Bautista, Jane. “Chief Justice Cancels Trip to the Netherlands.” INQUIRER.net, Mar. 2025, newsinfo.inquirer.net/ Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.

“Bellagio Resident: Ronald Law.” The Rockefeller Foundation, 17 July 2025, rockefellerfoundation.org/bellagio-bulletin/. Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.

“Chief Justice Alexander G. Gesmundo – Supreme Court of the Philippines.” Supreme Court of the Philippines, 2 June 2023, sc.judiciary.gov.ph/chief-justice-alexander-g-gesmundo/.

ConstitutionNet. “Constitutional History of the Philippines.” ConstitutionNet, 2016, constitutionnet.org/country/philippines.

“Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. | Phil Consulate, QLDhttps://Static.wixstatic.com/Media/De324b_db9474d766714422b85691fee6ea24d1~Mv2.Jpg.” Phil Consulate, QLD, 2024, qldphilippineconsulate.com/ Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.

Gonzaga, Pie. “This May Be the End of the Philippine Party-List System as We Know It.” Rolling Stone Philippines | Music, Culture, Social Issues, 2 Sept. 2025, rollingstonephilippines.com/state-of-affairs/politics/Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.

“Inauguration of Bongbong Marcos.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Aug. 2025, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Bongbong_Marcos.

“List of Political Parties in the Philippines.” Wikipedia, 29 Nov. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines.

“National Symbols of the Philippines.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Aug. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines.

News, Integrated. “Who Is New Speaker Faustino “Bojie” Dy III?” GMA News Online, 17 Sept. 2025, www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/. Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.

“New Generation Currency Series.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Jan. 2025, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Generation_Currency_Series.

“Philippines – Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette.” Commisceo Global, 16 Jan. 2016, commisceo-global.com/country-guides/philippines-guide/.

“Poking at Pinoy — Interrogating Philippine National Symbols.” Gridmagazine.ph, www.gridmagazine.ph/story/philippine-national-symbols.

Wikimedia Commons. “War Flag of the Philippines (1943–1945) .” Wikimedia.org, 23 Sept. 1944, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:War_Flag_of_the_Philippines Accessed 4 Dec. 2025.

Wikipedia Contributors. “Alexander Gesmundo.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 9 Oct. 2025, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gesmundo.

Geography

“Philippines.” United States Department of State, www.state.gov/countries-areas/philippines/.

Culture

AFS-USA. “The Philippines.” AFS-USA, 2023, www.afsusa.org/countries/philippines/.

California State University Bakersfield. “Culture of the Philippines.” Csub.edu, 2019, www.csub.edu/pacificrim/countryprospectus/culture.htm.

Cebu, in, and admin. “6 Basic Characteristics of Filipino Culture” Study English at 3D ACADEMY, a Language School in Cebu, Philippines, 5 July 2025, 3d-universal.com/en/blogs/6-basic-characteristics-of-filipino-culture.html.

“Compare Facade of the Church of the Gesu,Rome and Facade of the Intamuros,Philippines.” Brainly.ph, 2025, brainly.ph/question/31540281. Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.

De, Jerry. “FILIPINO PERSONALITY and CHARACTER.” Scribd, 2025, www.scribd.com/presentation/493698129/FILIPINO-PERSONALITY-AND-CHARACTER. Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.

Dumaraos, Gelyka. “11 Things You Should Know about Filipino Culture.” Culture Trip, 30 Aug. 2017, theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/11-things-you-should-know-about-the-filipino-culture.

Fajutag, Jenny. “The Philippines: Culture and Tradition – Globalization Partners International.” Globalization Partners International, 26 Sept. 2018, www.globalizationpartners.com/2015/02/20/the-philippines-culture-and-tradition/.

“Filipino Culture – Etiquette.” Cultural Atlas, 2017, culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-etiquette.

Gallimore, Derek. “Filipino Traits and Values.” Outsource Accelerator, 17 Feb. 2023, www.outsourceaccelerator.com/articles/filipino-traits-and-values/.

Hernandez, Carolina, and Gregorio Borlaza. “Philippines – Cultural Life.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019, www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/Cultural-life.

“Hire Filipino VAs: Understanding Filipino Work Culture.” Somewhere.com, Somewhere, 9 Dec. 2024, somewhere.com/post/filipino-work-culture-how-is-it-different-from-the-us.

Kasingsing, Patrick. “Brutalism’s Unsung Mecca? The Philippines.” Wallpaper*, 25 Apr. 2025, www.wallpaper.com/architecture/philippine-brutalism.

KHAN, MOHD AFZAL. “Cultural Heritage of Philippines.” RTF | Rethinking the Future, 16 Jan. 2023, www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/architectural-community/a9012-cultural-heritage-of-philippines/.

Kok, Erwin. “Cultural Traits of Filipino Workers in the Remote Workplace.” Remotify PH, 2 July 2021, remotify.ph/blogs/8-cultural-traits-filipinos-bring-to-the-workplace-and-why-you-should-hire-them/.

“ONLY in the PHILIPPINES.” Google Arts & Culture, artsandculture.google.com/story/only-in-the-philippines-center-for-art-new-ventures-sustainable-development-canvas/zgXRkeopr5qoJQ?hl=en.

“Philippine Symbolism in Archaeology.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Oct. 2025, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_symbolism_in_archaeology#:~:text=burial%20site%20differences.-,Rituals,overall%20protection%20from%20negative%20forces.

Ramos, Bene De. “What Filipino Symbols Reveal about the People You Hire.” Penbrothers, 26 July 2025, penbrothers.com/blog/filipino-symbols/. Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.

Sawe, Benjamin Elisha. “The Culture of the Philippines.” WorldAtlas, 12 July 2017, www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-culture-of-the-philippines.html.

Scroope, Chara. “Filipino Culture – Core Concepts.” Cultural Atlas, 2017, culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-core-concepts.

shashaamarillo. “LESSON-3-Filipino-Moral-Behaviors.docx-1.” Scribd, 2024, www.scribd.com/document/704857133/LESSON-3-filipino-moral-behaviors-docx-1. Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.

“The Pull: The Past, Present and Future of Printmaking.” Arts Council of Princeton, 3 Oct. 2025, artscouncilofprinceton.org/event/filipino-fest/. Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.

“The Ultimate Guide to Philippine Culture: Travel Etiquette, Customs, and Key Phrases | WordCamp Asia 2025.” WordCamp Asia 2025, 4 Feb. 2025, asia.wordcamp.org/2025/ultimate-guide-philippine-culture-travel-etiquette-phrases/.

“What Can You Say about the Filipino Culture?” Quora, 2019, www.quora.com/What-can-you-say-about-the-Filipino-culture.

“What Is the First Thing to Know about Filipino Culture?” Quora, 2019, www.quora.com/What-is-the-first-thing-to-know-about-Filipino-culture. Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.

Folklore

“Aswang and Kapre.” KOLLECTIVE HUSTLE, 18 Oct. 2022, www.kollectivehustle.com/blog/kapreandaswang-filipino-mythology-for-beginners.

“List of Philippine Mythological Creatures.” Wikipedia, 28 Feb. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Philippine_mythological_creatures.

MythLok. “Philippine Mythology – Stories, Gods, and Legends.” Mythlok, mythlok.com/world-mythologies/asian/south-east-asian-mythology/philippine/.